This review article comprises of three parts. Firstly, reports of brake manufacturers on the beneficial impact of solid lubricants for pad formulations are surveyed. Secondly, since tribofilms were identified to play a crucial role in friction stabilization and wear reduction, the knowledge about tribofilm structures formed during automotive braking was reviewed comprehensively.

Flow:the Sliding Crack Glass
Flow:the Sliding Crack Windows
Flow:the Sliding Crack Lock

The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows.However, influential narrower definitions restrict landslides to slumps and translational slides in rock and regolith, not involving fluidisation. Wash using mild detergent (if necessary) and a soft cloth or an ordinary long-handled, soft-bristle brush. Do not wash the window or doors with a high-pressure spray. The extreme pressure could crack or destroy the caulking around the window or door. To remove difficult dirt and stains, use the readily available household cleaners listed on the. Tension crack A fracture that is the result of stresses that tend to pull material apart. Toe of dam The base of an embankment, bank, bench, or slope. Topographic map A map designed to portray an area to a certain scale, and that primarily depicts the relief of the area.

THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN COMPLETED AND IS BEING ARCHIVED IN ITS FINAL CONFIGURATION

The Kelly Barnes Dam, located above the Toccoa Falls Bible College near Toccoa, Georgia, failed in the early morning hours of November 6, 1977. Thirty-nine people died in the resulting flood, which inundated part of the campus including a trailer park. These Web pages make available two historical reports on the flood and an album of photos of the disaster.

Additional information or other mentions of the Toccoa flood:

NOAA Photo Library:
Brief description of the flood in Summary of Significant Floods in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, 1970 Through 1989: USGS Water Supply Paper 2502
The book Dam Break in Georgia: Sadness and Joy at Toccoa Falls by K. Neill Foster with Eric Mills (1978, Horizon House Publishers, 159 p.) tells the stories of many of the flood victims.

by Federal Investigative Board
Robert L. Crisp, Jr., Chairman
William E. Fox
Robert C. Robison
Vernon B. Sauer

December 21, 1977

ABSTRACT

The Kelly Barnes Dam failed about 1:30 a.m., on November 6, 1977. The dam went through various stages of development. First as a rock crib dam and then with subsequent stages as an earth dam. The rock crib dam was completed about 1899 to back up water which would be used to power a small hydroelectric plant located near the foot of the Falls. About 1937, the Toccoa Falls Bible Institute was interested in developing a more dependable power source and decided to build an earth dam over the rock crib dam. This construction was performed with equipment provided by a local manufacturer. After World War II, the earth fill was raised to a point where an earth spillway on the left side of the valley could be utilized, and a low point on the rim on the right side away from the dam would serve as an secondary spillway in case high flows occurred.

The final height of the dam was approximately 42 feet above the rock foundation. This installation served as a power source until 1957 for the Toccoa Falls Bible Institute, which later became the Toccoa Falls College. At this time, the development of power was stopped but the dam continued to be used as a recreation lake.

The Board could not determine a sole cause of the November 6, failure. It does conclude that a combination of factors caused the failure. The most probable causes are a local slide on the steep downstream slope probably associated with piping, an attendant localized breach in the crest followed by progressive erosion, saturation of the downstream embankment, and subsequently a total collapse of the structure.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Board wishes to acknowledge its grateful appreciation to all the individuals, organizations, and groups that supplied information and assistance of any kind to this effort. This includes the following contributors:

Office of the Governor of Georgia
Toccoa Falls College and Staff
Citizens of Toccoa Falls
Citizens of Toccoa
Citizens of Stephens County
Stephens County Board of Commissioners - Mack Dalrymple, Chairman
Georgia Baptist Assembly - Harold L. Sangster, Manager
Toccca Falls College Students - past and present
Sheraton Motor Inn, Toccoa, Georgia
Governor's Task Force on Dam Safety
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Georgia Department of Transportation
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - South Atlantic Division, Savannah
District, CERL, and Waterways Experiment Station
U.S. Geological Survey
National Weather Service - Southeast River Forecast Center, Weather Service
Forecast Office (Atlanta)
Soil Conservation Service
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
Federal Disaster Assistance Administration
U.S. Army Forces Command Flight Detachment
Professor George F. Sowers - Georgia Institute of Technology
Dr. Timothy Long - Georgia Institute of Technology
Dr. Pradeep Talwani - University of South Carolina
Local, State and National Press

AUTHORITY

On Sunday, November 6, 1977, at approximately 1:30 a.m., the Kelly Barnes Dam near Toccoa in Stephens County, Georgia, failed during a period of intensive rains. The resulting flood took 39 lives and did extensive damage to the Toccoa area and especially to the campus of the Toccoa Falls College.

Immediately following the disaster, the Honorable George Busbee, Governor of Georgia, asked the President of the United States for Federal technical assistance in assessing engineering, hydrologic, and other issues related to the failure of the Kelly Barnes Dam. On November 7, 1977, Governor Busbee appointed a 'Task Force on Dam Safety' to, among other things, immediately initiate a responsible, coordinated inquiry into the circumstances surrounding this incident and causes thereof. He charged the Task Force with the preparation of an interim report to the Governor which will identify and inventory available Federal, State, local, and private investigatory resources and expertise and recommend the most appropriate and efficient means of examining the underlying causes of the disaster involving the Kelly Barnes Dam. On November 8, 1977, during a meeting with Governor Busbee, his newly appointed Task Force on Dam Safety, and others, it was publicly announced that President Carter had assured Governor Busbee that Federal assistance would be provided in connection with determining the cause of failure of the Kelly Barnes Dam. Thumbnail of White House memorandumDr. Phillip Smith of the President's Office of Science and Technology Policy, representing the administration, announced that the Corps of Engineers had been assigned the mission of organizing and leading a Federal technical investigation. Subsequently, a memorandum from the White House to Secretary of the Army Clifford L. Alexander, Jr., (Exhibit 1) requested the Secretary:

'To authorize the Corps to provide necessary assistance over the next month or six weeks that will make possible a technical assessment of the Kelly Barnes Dam failure. Please do not hesitate to seek the assistance of other Federal agencies having useful expertise in this problem.'

The Corps requested and received assurances of assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey (Department of the Interior), the Soil Conservation Service (Department of Agriculture), and the National Weather Service (Department of Commerce). Accordingly, a technical Federal Investigative Board was formed consisting of:

Mr. Robert L. Crisp, Jr., Chairman, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mr. William E. Fox, National Weather Service
Mr. Robert C. Robison, Soil Conservation Service
Mr. Vernon B. Sauer, U.S. Geological Survey

PURPOSE

The purpose of this report is to present the results of a Federal investigation into the failure of the Kelly Barnes Dam aimed at determining the probable cause(s) of failure.

SCOPE

At the request of Governor Busbee, the Board restricted its attention to determining the probable cause(s

Flow:The Sliding Crack